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Dissociative identity disorder (DID, also referred to as multiple personality disorder or MPD) has been popularized in many works of fiction throughout the world, most often in murder mysteries as a red herring plot device. This article provides a partial list of references to DID and MPD in fiction, omitting any which originate through supernatural, paranormal, or pseudo-scientific causes. ==In books and short stories== (By year of first publication, then alphabetical by author) In Virginia Woolf's novel "The Waves" (1931) the internal experience of dissociating is insinuated both through Woolf's literary method and language as it depicts the development of dissociative identity disorder across a life span from childhood through middle age. Albini,TK. J Trauma Dissociation 2007; 8 (3):57-84 "Virginia Woolf's ' The Waves': A Lyrical ' sense of continuity' in a sea of dissociation". * In Fyodor Dostoyevsky's novel, ''The Double'' (1846, 1866), the protagonist begins to perceive multiple twisted versions of himself. Although his symptoms could be deemed more indicative of schizophrenia, the vague nature of the narrative and the protagonist's preoccupation with identity could indicate that he suffers from DID. * In Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella ''Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde'', the scientist Dr. Henry Jekyll artificially separates his good and evil natures, causing him to switch between two separate personalities through the consumption of a potion of his own creation. The novella has been adapted many times since publication into a variety of different forms of media, including a Broadway musical (Jekyll & Hyde (musical)), a television mini-series (Jekyll (TV series)), a video game (Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (video game)), the series Jekyll and Hyde (2015) and more than 30 feature films. * The character Gollum from J. R. R. Tolkien's ''The Hobbit'' (1937) and ''The Lord of the Rings'' (1954-1955) books seems to display this disorder. * In C. S. Lewis' ''The Great Divorce'' (1944), at least two of the ghosts have good and evil personalities that have become physically distinct. * Shirley Jackson's 1954 novel ''The Birds' Nest'' is about a young woman with multiple personalities. Jackson created the character by interviewing a local psychiatrist who had treated a client with DID. * Hervey Cleckley and Corbett Thigpen's 1957 book ''The Three Faces of Eve'' is loosely based on the true story of Chris Costner-Sizemore (who later told her own story in the non-fiction books ''I'm Eve'' and ''A Mind of My Own''). * Science fiction author Philip K. Dick's novels often include themes concerning alternate personalities sometimes intertwined with alternate realities and universes. Notable examples are his 1966 short story "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale", on which the movie ''Total Recall'' (1990) is loosely based, and his 1977 novel ''A Scanner Darkly'', which was also turned into a film. *Robert A. Heinlein's ''I Will Fear No Evil'' (1970), is a story about an old man from the future who transfers his biological brain into that of his attractive young secretary's body in a bid to beat death, but discovers that her persona has survived and inhabits his new female body with him. * The popular 1973 book ''Sybil'', by Flora Rheta Schreiber, solidified multiple-personality disorder as an authentic psychiatric disorder in the public mind. * The 1981 non-fiction novel ''The Minds of Billy Milligan'', by Daniel Keyes, centers around Billy Milligan, the first person in U.S. history acquitted of a major crime by pleading multiple-personality disorder. * In Stephen King's book series, ''The Dark Tower'' (1982 et seq.), one of the main characters, Susannah Dean, has stereotypical multiple personalities. * Terry Pratchett's ''Discworld'' series, begun in 1983, includes characters who manifest more than one personality; this is portrayed as a mere idiosyncrasy, not a serious psychiatric disorder. One of the most prominent characters is the beggar Altogether Andrews, who has multiple distinct personalities—none of which are named Andrews—each with their own memories and manner of speaking. Other characters with more than one personality include Agnes/Perdita in the "witch series" and Miss Pickles/Mirginiss Pointer in ''Thud''. * Robert Silverberg's 1983 short story "Multiples" describes a future where people with multiple personalities form a subculture similar to the modern gay community. In the story, a "singleton" (a person with one personality) fakes having DID to attract a DID partner and ultimately attempts to fragment her personality in order to become multiple herself. * Mary Higgins Clark's 1992 novel ''All Around the Town'' is about a young woman who is believed to have committed a murder. Psychiatric sessions reveal that she was kidnapped and molested as a girl, and as a result she has DID. * In William Diehl's novel ''Primal Fear'' (1993) and its sequels ''Show of Evil'' and ''Reign in Hell'', a main character, Aaron Stampler, appears to suffer from DID but is later revealed to be an act. * Pat Barker's 1993 novel ''The Eye in the Door'' deals with numerous "splits" in the human life and psyche during wartime. * In Yusuke Kishi's debut novel, ''Isola: Persona 13'' (1996), the main character named Chihiro Moritani developed 12 personalities rooted from her childhood trauma. In addition, after she suffered from an earthquake, she developed a thirteenth personality named Isola, a vengeful personality that can seemingly leaves Chihiro's body to kill off people threatening her. * Chuck Palahniuk's 1996 novel ''Fight Club'' revolves around the bizarre relationship between the mild-mannered protagonist and his radical, anti-consumerist, anarcho-primitivistic alternate personality. The book presents a very idiosyncratic version of MPD in which the identity manifests itself either conterminous to the multiple (as an audiovisual hallucination) or as a more realistic version that manifests while the protagonist believes he is sleeping. * Sidney Sheldon's 1998 novel ''Tell Me Your Dreams'' is about a woman named Ashley who has two other selves named Toni and Alette. A string of vicious murders seems to follow Ashley, and the police must work hard to find out who is behind them. * Lloyd Rose's 2002 Doctor Who novel, ''Camera Obscura'', is built around the idea of multiple selves, both psychological and physical. * Matt Ruff's 2003 novel ''Set This House in Order'' concerns two people with classical MPD on a journey of self-discovery. * In Ted Dekker's 2003 novel ''Thr3e'', the main character has three different personalities: himself, a childhood friend, and the villain. * In Joe Abercrombie's fantasy series ''The First Law Trilogy'' (2006 et seq.), a character named Logen Ninefingers occasionally succumbs to a darker alternate personality interested only in killing, which is called the Bloody-Nine. *In Max Brook's novel ''World War Z'' (2006), Paul Redeker developed an alternate personality named Xolelwa Azania. * In Tamil novel Vittu Vidu Karuppa! (English:Leave me my God!) (2007) written by Indra Soundar Rajan, the protagonist Rajendran suffers from DID. * In Ellen Hopkins' 2008 novel ''Identical'', Kaeleigh Gardella suffers from DID and believes she is sometimes her late twin sister, Raeanne, who died in a car crash at age nine, which triggered her father to become sexually abusive. * In Shana Mahaffey's Sound's Like Crazy (2009), a voice actress, Holly Miller has developed a Multiple Personality Disorder because of a terrible past. *In the Monster High toy line and book series (2010 et seq.), there is a character named Jackson Jekyll with an alternate personality named Holt Hyde (DJ Hyde in the books). The two personalities are unaware of one another's existence. * John R. Maxim's novel ''Mosaic'' (2011) is about a government experiment that uses people with DID in an attempt to create the perfect assassin. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dissociative identity disorder in popular culture」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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